Defense Notices

Two possible radar application spaces are explored through the exploitation of high-dimensional nonrecurrent FM-noise waveforms. The first involving a simultaneous dual-polarized emission scheme that provides good separability with respect to co- and cross-polarized terms and the second mimicking the passive actuation of the human eye with a MIMO emission. A waveform optimization scheme denoted as pseudo-random optimized (PRO) FM has been shown to generate FM-noise radar waveforms that are amenable to high power transmitters. Each pulse is generated and optimized independently and possesses a non-repeating FM-noise modulation structure. Because of this the range sidelobes of each pulse are unique and thus are effectively suppressed given enough coherent integration.

The PRO-FM waveform generation scheme is used to create two independent sets of FM-noise waveforms to be incorporated into a simultaneous dual-polarized emission; whereby two independent PRO-FM waveforms will be transmitted simultaneously from orthogonal polarization channels. This effectively creates a polarization diverse emission. The random nature of these waveforms also reduce cross-correlation effects that occur during simultaneous transmission on both channels. This formulation is evaluated using experimental open-air measurements to demonstrate the effectiveness of this high-dimensional emission.

This research aims to build upon previous work that has demonstrated the ability to mimic fixational eye movements (FEM) employed by the human eye. To implement FEM on a radar system, a MIMO capable digital array must be utilized in conjunction with spatial modulation beamforming. Successful imitation of FEM will require randomized fast-time beamsteering from a two-dimensional array. The inherent randomness associated with FEM will be paired with the PRO-FM waveforms to create an emission possessing randomness in the space and frequency domains, called the FEM radar (FEMR). Unlike traditional MIMO, FEMR emits a coherent and time-varying beam. Simulations will show the inherent enhancement to spatial resolution in two-dimensional space (azimuth and elevation) relative to standard beamforming using only the matched filter to process returns.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) due to their highly dynamic nature pose a great challenge in designing new protocols. Because these networks are infrastructure independent, routing protocol design and efficiency becomes essential in the functioning of these networks. There are many protocols proposed in the past and many are under development now. But the new or existing protocols are to be compared against each other and analyzed under realistic conditions including, but not limited to transmission range, mobility patterns, of the nodes in the network. This project is an endeavor to provide an unbiased comparison of AODV, DSDV, DSR, and OLSR under different mobility models with varying densities and dynamicity. The mobility models compared in this work include steady-state random waypoint, Gauss-Markov, and Levy walk.

This thesis describes the design and development of two different ultra-wideband circuits for snow-probing radars. First, a broadband, low-loss planar quadrature hybrid coupler for the 2-20 GHz range is presented. The coupler offers better performance than commercially available options in terms of phase/amplitude imbalance and form factor.  Next, a broadband, high-power T/R module with fast switching and integrated LNA is demonstrated to enable high altitude and multi-channel modes of operations of the CReSIS airborne snow radar along with automated surface tracking ability. The modules include a custom medium-power switch with an overall order of magnitude performance increase compared to commercially available duplexers/SPDT switch solutions.

Pulse mode operations at peak power levels exceeding 100 Watts
(conservatively) can be supported with these devices and a demonstrated switching speed of less than 600 ns.

A new form of multi-waveform space-time adaptive processing (MuW-STAP) is presented. The formulation provides additional training data for adaptive clutter cancellation for ground moving target indication after pulse compression. The pulse compression response is homogenized using stochastic phase filters to produce a smeared response that approximates identically distribution assumed by covariance estimation. Post pulse compression MuW-STAP (PMuW-STAP) is proposed to address clutter heterogeneity that causes degradation in detection performance of STAP similar to single-input multi-output MuW-STAP. Furthermore, the family of MuW-STAP algorithms are computationally expensive due to estimation of multiple covariance matrices and inversion of a single covariance for every range sample. Well-known partially adaptive techniques, previously implemented in STAP, are implemented with PMuW-STAP. Partial adaptation in element-space post-Doppler, beam-space pre-Doppler, and beam-space post-Doppler are presented. Each of these are examined on several simulated, controlled clutter scenarios. Fully adaptive PMuW-STAP is further evaluated on the high-fidelity knowledge aided adaptive radar architecture: knowledge-aided sensor signal processing and expert reasoning (KASSPER) dataset.

Remote attestation is innately challenging and wrought with auxiliary challenges. Even determining what information to request can be a challenge. In cases when a presumptuous request is denied, mutual trust can be built incrementally to achieve the same result. All the while, we must 1) Respect our own privacy policy not revealing more than necessary; 2) Respond to counter-attestation requests to build trust slowly; 3) Avoid“Measurement Deadlock” situations by handling cycles. In addition to these guidelines, there are basic properties of a remote attestation procedure that should be verified. One such property is ensuring parties send and receive messages harmoniously. Using the theorem prover Coq we explore designing, modeling, and verifying a mutual remote attestation procedure via an imperative protocol language that supports dynamically generating execution steps to perform a mutually agreeable attestation protocol from nothing other than a party’s initial privacy policy.

Amplitude-Phase Shift Keying (APSK) is a linear modulation format suitable for use in aeronautical telemetry due to it’s low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). How- ever, since the PAPR of APSK is not exactly unity (0 dB) in practice it must be used with power amplifiers operating with backoff. To compensate for the loss in power efficiency this work considers the pairing of Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes with APSK. We consider the combinations of 16 and 32-APSK with rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, and 4/5 AR4JA LDPC codes with optimal and sub-optimal reduced complexity decoding algorithms. The loss in power efficiency due to sub-optimal decoding is characterized and the overall performance is compared to SOQPSK-TG to approximate the backoff capacity of a coded-APSK system. Another advantage of APSK based telemetry systems is the improved bandwidth efficiency. The second part of this work considers the adjacent channel spacing of a system with multiple configurations using coded-APSK and SOQPSK-TG. We consider different combinations of 16 and 32-APSK and SOQPSK-TG and find the minimum spacing between the respective waveforms that does not distort system performance.

Human computer interaction (HCI) and artificial intelligence (AI) research have greatly progressed over the years. Work in HCI aims to create cyberphysical systems that facilitate good interactions with humans, while artificial intelligence work aims to understand the causes of intelligent behavior and reproduce them on a computer. To this point, HCI systems typically avoid the AI problem, and AI researchers typically have focused on building system that work alone or with other AI systems, but de-emphasise human collaboration. In this thesis, we examine the role of episodic memory in constructing intelligent agents that can collaborate with and learn from humans. We present our work showing that agents with episodic memory capabilities can expose their internal decision-making process to users, and that an agent can learn relational planning operators from episodic traces.

This thesis documents the improvements made to a UHF radar system for snow accumulation measurements and the implementation of an airborne HF radar system for ice sounding. The HF sounder radar was designed to operate at two discrete frequency bands centered at 14.1 MHz and 31.5 MHz with a peak power level of 1 kW, representing an order-of-magnitude increase over earlier implementations. A custom transmit/receive module was developed with a set of lumped-element impedance matching networks suitable for integration on a Twin Otter Aircraft. The system was integrated and deployed to Greenland in 2016, showing improved detection capabilities for the ice/bottom interface in some areas of Jakobshavn Glacier and the potential for cross-track aperture formation to mitigate surface clutter. The performance of the UHF radar (also known as the CReSIS Accumulation radar) was significantly improved by transitioning from a single channel realization with 5-10 Watts peak transmit power into a multi-channel system with 1.6 kW. This was accomplished through developing custom transmit/receive modules capable of handling 400-W peak per channel and fast switching, incorporating a high-speed waveform generator and data acquisition system, and upgrading the baluns which feed the antenna elements. We demonstrated dramatically improved observation capabilities over the course of two different field seasons in Greenland onboard the NASA P-3.

The performance of several methods to estimate the number of source signals impinging on a sensor array are compared using a traditional simulator and their performance for synthetic aperture radar tomography is discussed as it is useful in the fields of radar and remote sensing when multichannel arrays are employed. All methods use the sum of the likelihood function with a penalty term. We consider two signal models for model selection and refer to these as suboptimal and optimal. The suboptimal model uses a simplified signal model and the model selection and direction of arrival estimation are done in separate steps. The optimal model uses the actual signal model and the model selection and direction of arrival estimation are done in the same step. In the literature, suboptimal model selection is used because of computational efficiency, but in our radar post processing we are less time constrained and we implement the optimal model for the estimation and compare the performance results. Interestingly we find several methods discussed in the literature do not work using optimal model selection, but can work if the optimal model selection is normalized. We also formulate a new penalty term, numerically tuned so that it gives optimal performance over a particular set of operating conditions, and compare this method as well. The primary contribution of this work is the development of an optimizer that finds a numerically tuned penalty term that outperforms current methods and discussion of the normalization techniques applied to optimal model selection. Simulation results show that the numerically tuned model selection criteria is optimal and that the typical methods do not do well for low snapshots which are common in radar and remote sensing applications. We apply the algorithms to data collected by the CReSIS radar depth sounder and discuss the results.

In addition to model order estimation, array model errors should be estimated to improve direction of arrival estimation. The implementation of a parametric-model is discussed for array calibration that estimates the first and second order array model errors. Simulation results for the gain, phase and location errors are discussed.

The Compact Muon Solenoid - Precision Proton Spectrometer (CMS-PPS) detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operates at high luminosity and is designed to measure forward scattered protons resulting from proton-proton interactions involving photon and Pomeron exchange processes. The PPS uses tracking and timing detectors for these measurements. The timing detectors measure the arrival time of the protons on each side of the interaction and their difference is used to reconstruct the vertex of the interaction. A good time precision (~10ps) on the arrival time is desired to have a good precision (~2mm) on the vertex position. The time precision is approximately equal to the ratio of the Root Mean Square (RMS) noise to the slew rate of the signal obtained from the detector.

Components of the timing detector include Ultra-Fast Silicon Detector (UFSD) sensors that generate a current pulse, transimpedance amplifier with shaping, and a discriminator. This thesis discusses the circuit schematic and simulations of an amplifier designed to have a time precision and the choice and simulation of discriminators with Low Voltage Differential Signal (LVDS) outputs. Additionally, details on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design including arrangement of components, traces, and stackup have been discussed for a 6-layer PCB that houses these three components. The PCB board has been manufactured and test results were performed to assess the functionality.